Viruses Essays (362 words) - Virology, Biology, Microbiology, Virus

Infections Infections share a few attributes with cells; anyway do not have the characteristics of living beings. Infections are basic organized life forms; they just have four structures that make them. They aren't viewed as living beings because of a few reasons, for example, multiplication and vitality fueled. They are frequently mixed up to be cells, anyway they are littler and repeat within cells. Infections are a lot littler than microscopic organisms and are competent to contaminate a wide range of living beings. Infections have four structures; the lipid envelope, capsid, hereditary material, and the protein coat. The Lipid envelope is gotten from the host cell film and assume jobs in viral disease and infection connection to cells. The following part of the structure is the capsid; it is produced using proteins, and is encoded by the viral genome which incases the nucleic corrosive of the infection. The third structure of an infection is the hereditary material which is made of DNA or RNA, never both; it conveys the hereditary data which decides the organization of the life form. The last structure of an infection is the protein coat which connects the infection to a cell. Infections aren't equipped for repeating outside of a cell along these lines they don't meet the rules of life and aren't to be viewed as living. Infections are little irresistible specialists that are just ready to repeat inside the living cells. They don't have their own natural apparatus to reproduce and doesn't increase through cell division. They additionally don't contain a digestion subsequently don't run on vitality like living beings. They simply drift around until they locate a sound cell to join to and taint. They additionally can't direct its temperature itself. In spite of the fact that infections have an essential structure they are fit for contaminating a wide range of living life forms and can cause genuine harm. There is an obscured line among living and non-living in spite of the fact that there are numerous acceptable quality variables which make it non-living. Without a host infections wouldn't have the option to copy and taint life forms. Infections are constantly confused with cells however never for microscopic organisms, since they are a lot littler and require a living host to endure not at all like microbes.

tobacco essays

tobacco papers Tobacco organizations target young people in their notices. In any case, who wouldn't burn through 6,000,000 dollars to target us? Youngsters are the people to come. We are the ones that are going have the large houses, the extravagant vehicles, and above all, truckloads of money. We're the ones that are setting off for college with our parent's cash, and we are the ones generally vulnerable to ad ploys and we are the ones that need peer endorsement. Every one of these variables make young people phenomenal focuses for the ever present need to sell more cigarettes and other tobacco items. It appears that we are sufficiently idiotic to get bulldozed however, in light of the fact that high school smoking has risen forcefully in the course of the most recent year and is consistently expanding. It would be an alternate story if the media didn't educate us regarding the evil effects of smoking both intellectually and genuinely, yet they do practically regular. However smoking slaughters a greater number of individuals than AIDS, liquor, sedate maltreatment, vehicle crashes, murders, suicides and flames consolidated! Cigarettes contain an addictive medication called nicotine , which is ingested by an individual through the inward breath of tobacco smoke. Nicotine contains more than 500 synthetic compounds, for example, formaldehyde, cyanide, and bug spray. The tobacco smoke additionally contains tar which seriously harms the mouth, throat, and lungs. Nicotine is an energizer that influences the cerebrum and focal sensory system in 10 seconds and it likewise influences the body. The prompt effects of nicotine on the body include: increment in circulatory strain, increment in pulse, thickening of blood, narrowing of supply routes, decline in skin temperature, increment in breath, regurgitating, and loose bowels. The drawn out impacts of nicotine on the body include: blockage of veins, hence a more slow heartbeat than a non-smoker's very still, consumption of nutrient C; decrease in the viability of the insusceptible framework, making it harder to ward off perilous diseases; malignant growth of the mouth; throat; and lungs; malignant growth of the u... <! Tobacco papers A plant notorious to our general public is the Tobacco plant. Utilized for diversion, for looks, and for compulsion it has discovered an apparently lasting spot in human culture. Utilized in different structures it is commonly dried out and smoked however comes in different structures. Albeit negative in many angles, it is being discovered that tobacco has numerous restorative purposes. Whatever reasons incorporate potential remedies for certain sorts of tumors, for hunger needs, and, incidentally enough, for a particular kind of respiratory ailment. Tobacco is developed for the most part in the tropics in spite of the fact that is developed as far north as North Carolina and Connecticut. A few areas in the tropics incorporate Africa, Brazil, Cuba, the Canary Islands, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ecuador, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, the Philippines, and Sumatra. Tobacco can be staggeringly dangerous. Smoking produces sicknesses known as Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease (COAD). This is really involved two related infections, Emphysema and Bronchitis. Emphysema causes an augmentation of the air sacs in the lungs and is lasting. Most casualties need to go on oxygen to get enough oxygen into their body. Their breathing gets troublesome as bodily fluid can fill the lungs and the air sacs develop til' the very end results. Bronchitis is an irritation and additional bodily fluid emission of the bronchial cylinders. The bronchial cylinders are the cylinders that lead from the air sacs to the aviation route. This condition causes extraordinary hacking and can keep going for a considerable length of time or years. It is likewise hazardous to the individual contaminated with it. Tobacco is generally utilized as a medication that is smoked. Different sorts incorporate cigarettes, stogies and lose tobacco. Albeit acknowledged up until the late 50s as not harming to wellbeing it was found it made a wide assortment of malignant growths and infections. The nicotine in the plant is an extremely addictive substance. After rehashed utilize an individual who stops utilizing it ordinarily creates cerebral pains and... <! Tobacco articles THIS IS A PAPER REGARDING THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY (3 PAGES). This paper is about the tobacco business. Some would find that the name executing business is fitting. Others would state that that name is deceiving and erroneous. One-sided, I am definitely not. So we will take a gander at the issue concerning the business from both buyer and maker purposes of point of view with reasonableness and balance in reach. With a receptive outlook presently, lets peer nearer at the fallout tobacco has left us remaining in. Something needs to get a non-tobacco client to attempt his/her first cigarette, stogie, bite, or whatever it might be. What is that something? Tobacco promotions have a significant influence in getting individuals snared. The legislature has made a stride the correct way by diminishing the manners in which that the business can publicize tobacco. They have constrained it to composed advertisements for the most part like magazines, announcements, sponsorship (implying that Marlboro could support a racecar driver), and T-shirts. They arent ready to publicize on TV or radio in any capacity. This assists with directing youth away from tobacco. Be that as it may, is this uniting the industrys revision of free discourse? Not when the business is liable for a great many passings every single year. Would could it be that makes a tobacco-client continue purchasing the item? One of the most addictive substances in the United States. The secret issue that keeps shoppers returning for more is nicotine. Is it vital that the business use nicotine to keep clients purchasing? Clearly so. The business began bringing down the tar in cigarettes to make a smoother flavor. However, bringing down the tar additionally implied bringing down the nicotine since this technique influenced the two perspectives. So the business created another variety of tobacco plants. The nicotine levels of the new vent relieved, Y-1, and rustica tobacco plants were 6% of the plants body weight. Previously, tobacco just had 2%-3.5% ni ... <! Tobacco expositions Tobacco is a significant piece of the United States Economy. There is no other yield that has a higher salary for every section of land proportion. There is likewise no other business item that makes more passings its clients. Tobacco is an incredible advantage to our economy yet it comes at a significant expense. The soundness of our country. In 1992 Tobacco Generated 40% of the net profits for Kentucky ranches, however just took up 1% of the farmland. The enormous grounds to net gain proportion makes tobacco productive to the ranchers as well as to the economy. There are around 124,000 tobacco ranchers in America today. A normal section of land on a tobacco ranch makes around $5000.00 for the rancher and $70,000 for the United States government in charges. In 1996 alone the estimation of the all out tobacco crop in America was assessed to be $2.85 billion. (geocities.com/capitolhill/senote/2748/subsideies.html) The manner in which the tobacco business works is novel from other farming ventures. Tobacco is developed on ranches which are regularly little and family run. Generally these homesteads are found in the south-east locale. At the point when the yield is fit to be sold , ranchers take the tobacco to a tobacco distribution center. At the distribution center the tobacco is gauged and stacked in heaps. After it id gauged government graders set the base cost for the ranchers tobacco. From that point forward, tobacco organizations can either offer over the base cost or deny it. In the event that the cost is denied by the tobacco organizations it is purchased by government centers at the base value set by the graders. When all the tobacco has been sold the stockroom pays the ranchers legitimately for all the tobacco they brought and the tobacco organizations pay the distribution center for all the tobacco they have purchased. This framework guarantees that the tobacco ranchers get paid for their harvest. This additionally makes a solid feeling of soundness in their harvest for the ranchers. (geocities.com/capitolhill/senote/2748/subsideies.html) Tobacco Farmers curren... <!

How to Get an Interview 5 Essential Cover Letter Tips

How to Get an Interview 5 Essential Cover Letter Tips I absolutely love the process of crafting great cover letters.   You may have heard that some recruiters don’t read cover letters, but I would emphasize “some.”   For the ones who do (and you don’t know who they will be), and for smaller employers, an impressive cover letter can make a huge difference. Your cover letter can show recruiters and hiring managers a little bit about how you would show up in an interview. Here are 5 cover letter tips that will get you in the door! 1) Tailor the cover letter to the job posting. I get a lot of requests from clients to write them a generic cover letter that they can use for any application. Every time, I refuse. My advice: NEVER write a generic cover letter. It will hurt you not help you. A company can smell it when you’ve used the same letter for multiple other job applications, and they don’t like it. Instead, read the job description. Research the company. And in your cover letter, tell the company why you want to work for them specifically. What interests you about their mission and vision? What’s your connection to that brand? Writing that kind of letter will get the attention of the decision-maker. 2) Impress your reader quickly. In the first paragraph, after you say what job you’re applying to, list briefly the major reasons you are the right candidate for the job. This task can be done in just a few words. Yes, really, it can! For example: My experience as senior project manager at Blue Shoes, combined with my extensive coursework in business management at Green Vest University, give me the requisite skills for the Project Manager position at Purple Fashion Inc. Note:  The reader doesn’t have to wonder whether you’ve got the training and experience for the position.   He or she has a reason to read further. 3) Give them what they need. Say not what the company can do for you, but what you can do for the company (they couldnt care less how great a match they are for your interests!) Do NOT say:  I have always been interested in fashion and the position at Purple Fashion Inc. will give me the experience I seek. Aaargh!!  Companies are not in the business of giving you the experience you seek.  They hire people who will make a contribution, not suck the life out of them! Instead, say something like:  I have been studying business and working in the fashion industry for the entirety of my academic and professional career, and I look forward to contributing my skills and passion to Purple Fashion Inc. 4) Tell a good, brief story. This tip applies more to smaller organizations who take time to read your cover letter. The person reading your cover letter is a human being, and human beings like stories. If you do a good job with your cover letter, the reader will be enthralled and left wanting more. Thats the effect you want! Here’s a sample story:  In 2008, I worked with our product design and marketing teams to implement a new product campaign, and  it became clear that certain production costs would have to be reduced.  Through my leadership, our team cut those costs by 30% without any labor reduction, and the campaign became profitable in the sixth month of operation.  I will bring this capability for incisive and effective decision making to Purple Fashion Inc. 5) Match your points to the skills sought by the company. Include bullet points in your cover letter that speak exactly to the skill set listed in the job description. This can be different for every job you apply to. Make sure you address the top requirements of this company, vs. some generic company that might be a match for what you’ve done. My clients have great success getting interviews, and I know at least part of that success is due to their effective cover letters. Use the above cover letter tips to create an engaging document that will win interviews. Don’t forget the resume of course, which must be tailored to the job and packed with your accomplishments! For assistance with writing cover letters and resumes that will get you interviews, contact The Essay Expert.

Psychoactive Substances Harm The Well- Being Of Our...

Psychoactive substances harm the well- being of our society creating the need for implementation of an effective policy response. The Psychoactive Substances Act was implemented in 2013 due to a number of concerns being raised from the general public and Health officials about the effects of that synthetic substances were having on the people who were using them as well as their communities. Another concern raised was the unknown ingredients that the â€Å"legal highs† were being made from. These concerns have seen the push for more information about these substances and what services are available for people who choose to use these substances. The people who work in this field need to have an understanding of the legal highs as well as why people take them in addition to the effects that it has on their person’s mental health and their context. These people also employ the usage of tools as methadone maintenance treatment and treatment options that can focus on abstine nce or harm reduction. Although, it is a legislation, various regional councils have implemented this through a number of different methods within their communities to minimise the harm that the synthetic substances can cause. The Psychoactive Substances Act was implemented in 2013 after New Zealand saw a rise in the availability and misuse of psychoactive substances that were freely available as they were deemed legal (Ministry of Health a, 2015). This lead to the wider public calling these products â€Å"legal highs†

The Night - Original Writing Essay - 911 Words

Time seemed to pass so slowly in the basement. Each day, often felt like an eternity for the children. And as the months slipped away and became years, it soon became clear that nothing remarkable was going to happen. That was until Anna again heard a disturbance coming from the road below. She climbed up on the chair and put her face to the glass. And to her dismay, she recognized her mother in the group of people that were being hauled out of hiding spots and marched off. Anna felt her stomach tie-up in a knot and all at once she screamed out. Afraid she muffled her cries with both of her hands and whispered, Oh my God! Mama must have been trying to come and visit us. Where are we taking her? Where are we taking our mother? Willy felt tears well-up behind his eyes and all at once pour out down his face. He staggered over to his sister and wrapped his tiny arm around her shoulder. They sat on the mattress huddled together tightly and wept softly for a long time until Anna wiped at h er face and glanced tenderly over at her brother and looked into his large sad blue eyes that were the color of the sea. And with all the composure that she could muster mumbled whispered, Willy do you remember last year when papa lit a candle and placed it into the holder with nine-branches? We all gathered around and sang that beautiful song and ate pancakes and applesauce. Afterwards Rachel snatched up the cake that mama had made and smeared it all over her face? And you and I laughedShow MoreRelatedNight Nights - Original Writing845 Words   |  4 Pagesuntil night time. We all would camp out in the living, our parents would tuck us in and then it was off to bed. Sleeping peacefully until one of my cousins woke us all up screaming while she was sleeping. Night after night we had to deal with this. The following year I as well as all of my cousins anticipated the same thing. Peacefully sleeping only to be awaken in the middle of the night by shears of horror. But to all of our s urprise my cousin sleep peacefully all the way through the night everyRead MoreThe Night - Original Writing1183 Words   |  5 Pagesfell to the floor convulsing in pain. She was turning and realised that no one could save her. She took her last breath realising she was going to become like him. A vampire. Experiencing the final stages of her turning her back arched. That was the night of her transformation. Read MoreThe Night - Original Writing792 Words   |  4 Pagesenlightning. My parents died. I was six years old. They died, because of me. We got in a reasonable argument about Clifford the Big Red Dog, of all things. I stormed out of the house at 8:00 pm. I remember how glistening the stars were that night, how the colors of purple and dark blue collided in the sky and how the moon was full and shined with what seemed like a never-ending light. I just kept running, laughing like the obnoxious six year I was. They ran after me calling my name, I justRead MoreThe Night - Original Writing1528 Words   |  7 PagesAfter a long restless night, Allie had a servant draw a hot bath for her just after daybreak. She stepped in, sat down, and then let her entire body slip beneath the water. She held her nose as she wet her copper locks and soaped her head. She intended to bring the shine back- she did not like the dull creature that stared back at her from the mirror the night before. The hot water was soothing; it felt good on her tired body. After washing, s he lay there and let the warm water soak the tirednessRead MoreThe Night - Original Writing1580 Words   |  7 PagesEverything was beautiful that night. The sky was as clear as the spring water. The weather was so beautiful that we thought that we were not in the summer. I was sitting outside the house in our garden with my parents. We were having a nice chat after a delicious homemade crispy chicken with fries that my mom usually do. Everything was just perfect until my father received the unexpected call. The call that I wished my father didn’t receive. â€Å"Hello†¦what! What are you saying! Calm down I’m comingRead MoreThe Night - Original Writing906 Words   |  4 PagesEvelyn peeked down the hall from her bedroom making sure the light to her parents’ room was off, indicating that they had gone to sleep. When she saw the darkened hallway she knew that her parents had gone down for the night. Her younger sisters, ages 10 and 8, had been put to sleep a couple hours before. There was no one watching. Evelyn tiptoed down the stairs—thank God they were carpeted, which helped shield the noise of her steps—and she grabbed her mom’s car keys carefully exiting the houseRead MoreThe Night - Original Writing1004 Words   |  5 PagesThe crowd filled out of the arena, the buzz and excitement leaving with them. Dark walls echoed the heavy sounds of the metal equipment as it was scraped across the floor by the road crew. In the absence of the band, the crowd and the music, the atmosphere seemed as ble ak and empty as the crowd floor itself. Suddenly, echoes of past joyous screams were replaced by a single, blood curdling scream coming from the direction of the cloakroom. The sound, filled with fear, tore through the arena and bouncedRead MoreThe Night - Original Writing1332 Words   |  6 Pages Waking up to the smell of strawberry jam and toast coming from the kitchen, Dan looks over at his clock to see that it is 7:30. Forcing himself up, he throws on a set of clothes and tiptoed down the stairs to be sure not to wake up Lisa. When he got to the bottom of the stairs, Dan sees both his parents, father at the kitchen table drinking coffee and reading the newspaper, and mother at the counter spreading the jam on the mountain of toast beside her. The quiet morning is comfortable and pleasantRead MoreThe Night - Original Writing723 Words   |  3 PagesDuring the summer you can find the same scene on any Saturday night. I see an elderly man near the entrance setting behind a table covered with stacks of booklets. I can tell he is employed by the park by the dark green polo shirt and tan ball cap he is wearing. Even from a distance I can hear him shout, â€Å"Programs! Get your programs. Three dollars!† As a middle aged man wearing a dark t-shirt and baggy blue jeans wal ks through the door. It becomes obvious that he is experienced with the process.Read MoreThe Night - Original Writing859 Words   |  4 Pagesfriends ran out to see what all the laughing was about. They watched the video and began cracking up too. After, we all went back inside due to the amount of bugs outside. We spent the rest of the night talking and laughing until we all fell asleep at around two in the morning. This was the last night we all spent together before heading off to college. Even though it was in the middle of the summer, life took over and we were all busy on different days. The one way that we were able to keep in contact

Concept Of Promoting Healthy Ageing Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Ageing is non an event that can happen over a period of clip but a procedure which begins at construct and continues throughout the life ( Crandell 1980 ) . Harmonizing to Cheng ( 2006 ) A ; Baltes ( 1990 ) , ageing is more than the series of biological alterations. Ripening can be defined by gender, category, societal standing, and civilization instead than twelvemonth alone. We will write a custom essay sample on Concept Of Promoting Healthy Ageing Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ageing is an inevitable and irreversible procedure ( Brown 1994 ) . Shukla and Brooks ( 1996 ) province the constituent of successful ripening. Harmonizing to them successful ageing depends in the capacity of the person to accommodate, version to alterations in the bodily map, to relationships and to alterations in outlook and resources. The paradigm definition of healthy ageing harmonizing to Lin ( 2006 ) , as healthy independency, household, fiscal security, life adaptation, personal growing and friends/relative relationship. Harmonizing to single perceptual experience, ageing is regarded as something unpleasant, utile, and unneeded and above all, unwanted ( Mesec,2000 A ; ; Zupancic,2004 ) Rountree ( 2010 ) describes the ageing procedure. Rountree ( 2010 ) in his article told that as the age increases, the organic structure bit by bit loses the ability to react to environment abuses. This lead to effects on a cellular and molecular degree, such as dislocation of cell organs, membranes and enzymes in the organic structure. In the scientific term, this biological procedure of ripening is called Senescence. Senescence leads to loss of organ revere ; diminishing the ability to react to emphasize ; loss of flexibleness ; decelerating of cognitive procedures ; degenerative joint disease ; diminishing centripetal sharp-sightedness ; loss of tolerance to trouble or temperature alterations ; impaired alimentary soaking up ; worsening immune responses and other alterations. These Physiologic alterations in bend, consequence in an increased hazard for common disease, such as coronary artery disease, diabetes, dementedness, malignant neoplastic disease, degenerative arthritis ( OA ) , autoimmunity and others. Rountree ( 2010 ) describes the assorted internal and external factors that leads to Aging. In molecular degree, everybody tonss of tissue, mundane tonss of tissue harm takes topographic point. This all consequences in the release of free groups. Further will damage DNA and the delicate membranes in our cells and cell organs particularly chondriosomes. The Elaborate system of enzymes will assist us to neutralize free groups and mend the harm to our cells and tissues. As age increases the system of enzymes become inactive and familial look of these enzymes diminutions. This all consequences in relentless weariness, decreased staying power, stiffness and achings and strivings that occur after reasonably everyday exercising. External factors include things like fume, firing organic stuffs, ultrasound ( UV ) radiation and other signifiers of ionising radiation. Even medical look into up or testing trials such as X raies, bone scans and computed axial imaging ( CAT ) scans generate free g roups that will ensue in harm of tissue, which leads to long term effects ( Rountee,2010 ) . Rountee ( 2010 ) besides states that presences of sugar/glucotoxity is besides one of the factors that causes ageing. Every clip we eat tonss of sugar, the chondriosome leaks alots of free groups that damage tissue. Besides, high degree of fruit sugar are converted in the liver to triglycerides. These triglycerides normally pack the liver with fat and hence interfere with insulin sensitiveness. So, glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity will take to increased redness in the organic structure. When we are immature, the inflammatory procedure heals rapidly. The relentless low- class redness induced by bad diets and unhealthy life style actively contributes to the wear and tear of the system over clip ( rountree,2010 ) . It means toxic chemicals and metals are the root cause of accelerated ripening. Westendorp ( 2006 ) states some of the reasons/ factors that lead to additions in chronic lessening. They are increasing life anticipation along with better sanitation, interventions for infective d isease, and improved entree to medical attention, understanding of wellness hazards and modified hazard factors. Research based lifestyle recommendations to keep physical and cognitive verve include womb-to-tomb acquisition and rational stimulation, regular exercising, ongoing societal activities, emphasis reduction patterns, sound slumber with graphic dreaming ; emotional fluidness and look ; regular sexual activity, optimum nutrition with appropriate Calories intake. Kaw A ; Colleagues ( ) stated that the mortality hazard for people who are non tobacco users, who exercise on a regular basis, have a moderate intoxicant consumption and who have a plasma Vitamin C gt ; 50 mmol/L ( bespeaking fruit and vegetable consumption of at least five helpings a twenty-four hours ) was the equivalent of being 14 old ages younger in chronological age, compared with people who engaged in none of these behaviors. So that means by following simple four things like exercising, make non smoke, devour low to chair sum of intoxicant, eating an copiousness of fruits and veggies in their repasts will assist to bett er their opportunities of life thirster and healthier In the scenario, Dorris wellness was all right before the decease of her hubby. She has enjoyed comparatively good wellness over the old ages and have no important episodes of sick wellness. Used to make house keep plants. But after the decease of her hubby she lost involvement, finds hard to get by with mundane life. Dorris wellness was deterioting as she was non eating decently, non keeping hygiene, non making any activity. She has besides become physically frail and was sing mild confusion and freak out. Dorris should be explained the significance of self-care. Traditionally, self-care is defined as activities associated with wellness publicity ( Backman, Hentinen 1999 ; Backman, 2003 ) . She should be encouraged to take part in activities of day-to-day life, such as exercising, nutrition and relaxation, in order to advance or reconstruct their wellness. Stanner and Denny ( 2009 ) has summarised the cardinal findings in relation to some common diseases in ulterior life and provides an overview of dietetic steps that can be put into advancing healthy ripening. Kirkwood ( 2006 ) associated the biological alterations with ageing as a consequence of a long life accretion of molecular harm in the cells and variety meats that constitute the human organic structure, finally interrupting the cells ability to do the energy they need to work. Kirkwood ( 2006 ) besides province that cistrons and perchance foods supply can act upon fix to this harm and diet, lifestyle and environment all have the possible to determine the rate at which harm to cells is accumulated. Harmonizing to National Statistics ( 2004 ) , the morbidity informations from the UK general study indicated that, in 2004, prevalence rates of bosom and go arounding system status were 340 per 1000 population for grownups aged 75 old ages and over compared with 280 per 1000 population. The prevalence rate of long standing musculoskeletal conditions were 296 per 1000 population for grownup aged 75 old ages and over, compared with 274 per 1000 population for grownups aged 65-74 old ages ( Office for National Statistics 2004 ) .National Health Service ( NHS ) ( 2007 ) estimated that about 6 in 100 people over the age of 65 will develop some grade of dementedness and this figure increases to about 20 in 100 among those over the age of 85 old ages. Coronary Vascular Disease ( CVD ) and shot are the major cause of decease in aged work forces and adult females ( Stanner and Denny 2009 ) . That means ripening is clearly an of import hazard factor. The younger age group have the similar hazard factor as the older grownups because of fleshiness, dyslipidaemia, Hypertension, smoke, low degree of physical activities and diabetes ( Stanner 2009 ) .World Health Organisation ( 2003 ) clearly mentioned that the diet for the people who have an increased hazard of developing CVD and other chronic disease. That includes diet that is energy-dense, high in fat and salt and low in complex saccharides, fruits and veggies. Stanner ( 2005 ) advised some important nutrient material that will assist in protection against CVD. They are integrating non-hydrogenated unsaturated fatty acids as prevailing signifier of fat, whole grains as the chief signifier of saccharide, an copiousness of fruits and veggies, equal Z 3 fatty acids and non excessively mu ch salt. Besides with diet physical activity, reasonable imbibing wonts, turning away of smoke and care of healthy organic structure weight may forestall bulk instances of CVD in western population. Cognitive diminution is besides the most common disease that occurs in the ulterior portion of life. It means mental damage and dementedness ( Stanner 2009 ) . It occurs as the consequence of chronic degenerative encephalon disease. It has a great impact on a individual liberty and independency. That ‘s why there is a great demand of forestalling or proroguing cognitive damage ( WHO, 2002 ) . By following many facets of life styles including the increased physical activity rational mental stimulation, turning away of smoke and assorted facets of life have been associated with healthy ripening ( Clarke, 2009 ) . The hazard of cognitive diminution and shot include high consumption of Na ( salt ) , fat, energy and intoxicant. Stanner and Denny ( 2009 ) province that under nutrition and nutritionary lacks in older grownups besides are a beginning of concern in relation to cognitive diminution. The Hazard of Dementia and Alzheimer ‘s disease increases as the addition in the de gree of sulfur incorporating aminic acids additions. To forestall the hazard of Alzheimer ‘s disease the Mediterranean diet, which contains plentifulness of fruits and veggies, leguminous plants, unsaturated fatty acids and fish, can be helpful ( Scarmeas, Stern A ; Tang, 2006 ) . Osteoporosis and arthritis are besides one of the jobs that ageing people has to endure. Stanner and Denny ( 2009 ) mentioned the consciousness sing the bone wellness and bar in osteoporosis. As current figures estimate that one in three adult females and one in 12 work forces over the age of 55 old ages will endure from osteoporosis. In order to forestall osteoporotic break, equal consumptions of Ca and vitamin D are cardinal to guarantee optimisation of peak mass attainment ( Loveridge A ; Lanham – New, 2009 ) . Lack of vitamin D position is besides one of the causes of falls ( Finch A ; Doyle, 1998 ) . A diet that contains equal protein and vitamin K is rich in fruits and veggies and low in salt may besides assist to detain bone ageing. Avoiding fleshiness will assist in order to forestall degenerative arthritis and weight loss will move as an effectual manner of cut downing hurting and disablement in patients with knee degenerative arthritis ( Dieppe, 2009 ) . Oral wellness is besides one of the of import points to be kept in head to advance healthy ageing. In the UK 58 % of grownups aged 75 old ages and over have no natural dentitions and rely on dental plates ( Steele, Sheiham A ; Marcenes, 1998 ) . The older people holding tends to eat un healthy diet holding low in fruit and veggies, low in of import foods such as vitamin C and potentially higher in fat ( Walls, 2009 ) . There are so many factors that will in tooth loss. One of the most common grounds is nutrition on dentitions that result in development of dental cavities and therefore consequence in tooth loss ( Moynehan A ; Petersen, 2004 ) . The frequence of sugar consumption ( in the signifier of sugar incorporating medical specialty ) is one of the common grounds of holding dental cavities. That ‘s why dentist normally recommended restricting consumption of sugar incorporating nutrients and drinks to four occasions per twenty-four hours ( Moynehan A ; Petersen, 2004 ) . Besides some minerals such as Ca, Zn, Mg, Sr and fluoride are involved in remineralisation of dentitions and can assist protect against cavities. Besides Fe, vitamin B12 and foliate may assist in building in the immune system and assist them from unwritten infection and protect unwritten wellness. In the scenario, Dorris have age of 87years.She is populating entirely. Her hubby died some 6 months ago because of MI Core. Earlier when she was populating with her hubby the wellness was good. As shortly her hubby died, she was non at all making anything merely sitting on the chair. She was non at all taking attention of her nutritionary position. She lost 13 kilogram of weight in the past 6 month. Her hubby had a history of MI Core. So she must be advised sing the diet healthy for her bosom, as she is excessively holding a hazard of holding CVD. The diet must incorporate energy-dense, high in fat and salt and low in complex saccharides, fruits and veggies. Besides, she must be encouraged to take part in physical activity, reasonable imbibing wonts, turning away of smoke and care of healthy organic structure weight. How to cite Concept Of Promoting Healthy Ageing Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Fryderyk Chopin Romanticism in Music Essay Example For Students

Fryderyk Chopin: Romanticism in Music Essay Chopin, and one of his most famous, and perhaps most beautiful works was his Nocturne Pop. 27#2. From the very beginning, it is clear as to why this music is Romantic. The quiet sextuplets underneath a very distinguishable melody, along with dramatic risings and failings allow the listener to recognize the Romantic qualities. But there are other things that give it away. The extended range of the piano that was introduced during this time period is brought out in several spots, especially in m. 4, where a addenda in the right hand is raised an octave. Also, the way the right and left hands are aligned, the melody sounds stretched, as if it is solely an interpretation by the performer. While this piece and many works are heavily influenced by ones interpretation, emphasis on the middle beats of the sextuplets make them sound as if they are on the downbeat, thus making the melody sound stretched, at least to a listener with no exposure to this piece. While earlier piano pieces from the Classical period may use the left hand as purely accompaniment, this uses the left hand for lour, and allows the right hand to seem more lenient with the rhythms. This, along with the variety of note-values and groupings, give the right hand the ability to sounds like a time-governed cadenza. The ideas of Romanticism are heavily emphasized by Chopping musical creations. It is quite obvious that this Nocturne, along with the majority of Chopping other works, carries a strophic form. The theme is repeated and built upon, though it is never more than a few measures long before moving on to the next motive. The book even states that the A theme unfolds unpredictably through constant variation. In a less touchy-feely sort of way, the phonetic aspects of the piece contribute to the tension and calmness involved in the story of the Nocturne. As mentioned above, the sense of rhythmic duress is nothing more than a piece of the puzzle that helps make the Nocturne a piece of Romantic. The syntax of the evolving theme help create the semantics, or the senses, that Chopin hoped to achieve. While the unraveling is somewhat unpredictable, the entire point of this Nocturne is to allow the listener to experience the character; the semantics of the piece. Without a doubt, a listener that s able to appreciate music, even at a very basic level, should have an idea as to what the composer was trying to achieve. A listener may feel calm, tranquil, or stress-free, even as the climax of the B section takes place. The ideas discussed in class of what Romanticism is (return to nature, emphasis on feelings, rediscovery of the past) all fit into ones ability to relate to the music: a key factor in Romantic ideology. The ability for one to put their own story to a Romantic piece of work is one of the beautiful things about this time period. Since the requirements for this paper were for me to ask questions, I decided to ask myself a question as to what I felt or thought of when hearing it. So, here goes. The story is something that I cherish has happened very recently. The beginning represents a love, something I shared over the summer with someone. I couldnt help but feel a constant longing to be with them, let alone be away and not think about them at all times of the day. Life was pleasant to say the least. But, things didnt work out the way I thought they would. My feelings werent before returning to school so I wouldnt have to feel the pain as much and start the master off poorly. This would represent the A and B sections. The repetition of A has not happened quite yet. I am saving that for the final love. .ue9f0c55d6142222ed47416c4aca85932 , .ue9f0c55d6142222ed47416c4aca85932 .postImageUrl , .ue9f0c55d6142222ed47416c4aca85932 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue9f0c55d6142222ed47416c4aca85932 , .ue9f0c55d6142222ed47416c4aca85932:hover , .ue9f0c55d6142222ed47416c4aca85932:visited , .ue9f0c55d6142222ed47416c4aca85932:active { border:0!important; } .ue9f0c55d6142222ed47416c4aca85932 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue9f0c55d6142222ed47416c4aca85932 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue9f0c55d6142222ed47416c4aca85932:active , .ue9f0c55d6142222ed47416c4aca85932:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue9f0c55d6142222ed47416c4aca85932 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue9f0c55d6142222ed47416c4aca85932 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue9f0c55d6142222ed47416c4aca85932 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue9f0c55d6142222ed47416c4aca85932 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue9f0c55d6142222ed47416c4aca85932:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue9f0c55d6142222ed47416c4aca85932 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue9f0c55d6142222ed47416c4aca85932 .ue9f0c55d6142222ed47416c4aca85932-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue9f0c55d6142222ed47416c4aca85932:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rock Music Notes EssayThe one that lasts up until the day I die a peaceful death, which is represented by the ending. The story is not something that Im good at describing in words, at least on paper. I typically dont have an issue letting my feelings come out with close friends or with someone a bit more significant. But this piece constantly reminds me of how I feel, what Im capable of feeling, and ultimately, what I want out of life. Every person who listens to this piece can ultimately put a story of their own into the context. I cant help but feel a connection of energy and my soul to this piece, which I feel is the absolute goal of Chopin and other Romantic composers. Perhaps not to connect other people with their music, but to connect other people with themselves, the composers. Chopping contribution to the evolution of music is made clear by the incredible use of language that do more than tell a story. The language speaks feelings into a listener more than anything from the previous era could do.

Amanda Knox free essay sample

The murder of Meredith Kercher occurred on November 1, 2007 in Perugia, Italy. She was sexually assaulted and stabbed multiple times. She shared an apartment with three other females, Amanda Knox, Flomena Romanelli, and Laura Mezztti. Amanda Knox was declared a suspect of this murder, along with her boyfriend, Raffaele Sollecito, and Rudy Guede, who knew Kercher after becoming close with the men who lived in the apartment below Kercher and Knox. There is neither enough evidence to declare Knox guilty, or innocent, but there are many reasons Knox should be put in prison for murder and sexual assault. In order to save her own innocence, Knox had falsely accused Lumumba, a bar owner, of being the killer. This was a sign of Knox’s own guilt in an attempt to focus the attention elsewhere. A businessman heard about the accusation and came forward to set Lumumba free as he had been talking to him in his bar during the murder, offering him a solid alibi. We will write a custom essay sample on Amanda Knox or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another reason for suspicion toward the couple is that Sollecito had told the police they downloaded movies to watch during the night. Experts investigated and proved there was no activity between 9. 10pm on November 1, and 5. 32 am the next morning; the time in which the murder was said to take place, adding further suspicions towards Knox and Sollecito. Another factor adding major suspicion toward the couple was the staged break in from one of the roommate’s bedroom. The bedroom was searched through, and the window smashed with a rock. Broken pieces of glass were found on top of a pile of clothes thrown on the floor, offering evidence that the window was smashed after the room was searched through. The couple was accused of staging the break in to make the killing look like a burglary that had evolved into rape and murder. The false accusation, computer records, and the staged break in are all reasons that prove Amanda Knox to be guilty and put in prison for the murder of her roommate, Meredith Kercher.

buy custom The Economic History of Russia essay

buy custom The Economic History of Russia essay The Russian economy is ranked as the sixth largest by purchasing power parity and the eleventh largest economy in the world by the nominal value. Russia has rich reserves of natural oil, coal, gas, as well as other valuable metals. Soon after the Second World War as well as the collapse of the Soviet Union Russia has undergone considerable changes, shifting from a centrally designed financial system to an internationally incorporated and a more market-based financial system. Various economic reforms that happened after the Second World War aimed at privatizing industries, with distinguished exceptions in the defense and energy-related sectors. Nevertheless, the speedy privatization procedure, together with a much disapproved "loans-for-shares" plan that converted major publicly owned firms to politically related "oligarchs," has led to a high concentration of equity ownership. As of 2010, Moscow, Russias capital has the highest population of billionaires in the whole world (Central I ntelligence Agency 2). From the year 1991 when the Soviet Union was dissolved, there has been a huge economic turmoil, particularly in Russia, in the changeover to capitalism. This has been characterized by decreased standard of living and an economy that has failed to create a greater material lifestyle for several people. However, in the haze of this economic turmoil there has been a flare of light. This dazzling spot in the Russian economy is attributed to the presence of oil and gas. Since the end of Second World War and the fall of communism, Russia has invented innovative ways of trade as well as laying pipelines that link to countries, a situation that has greatly increased revenue. Nevertheless, the Russian economy has been under pressure as it treads on the intricate path of recovery following the crumple of the previous Soviet Union in late 1991. Even though Russia is recognized of having huge reserves of natural resources as well as a pool of well-educated workforce, it has had restricted achiev ements as it tries to get rid of an economy that is centrally controlled and a shift towards a market-oriented economy (Central Intelligence Agency 3. The unprepared Russian economy was badly affected by the 1998 global economic crisis. Throughout this period, the rate of inflation in Russia increased, additional cases of unemployment were reported, and there was a drop in the standards of living followed by a crashed GDP thereby creating a major disaster in the country. Nevertheless, the somber financial condition reverberated in the year that followed, and since then the Russian economy has made significant progress. This development has been mirrored in a stable decline in inflation, a rise in the GDP, a decrease in unemployment figures in addition to increase in both domestic and foreign investment. The major factors facilitated the economic recovery following 1998 crisis have been the aggressive enhancement from the weak rublealong with the trade surplus following an increase in world oil prices (Solanko 12). Though Russian economy has improved through the years, decades of socialist rule have inundated the country with different economic problems that have to be effectively dealt in order to preserve the positive trend towards economic growth. Nevertheless, there are various industries in Russia, these industries are in deprived states require modernization or replacement. Furthermore, issues over rights in land ownership have continued to discourage restructuring and investment. The Russian economy even faces a more serious problem of tax evasion and there is the giant subject of planned crime that has permeated the very fabric of the Russian society. Therefore, the Russian government will have to embark on a lasting plan, be more reliable with its strategies as well as produce an environment that is favorable to for investors. This will infuse a positive picture in the minds of the prospective investors and get their confidence (Solanko 15). The Russian financial system made a moderately excellent improvement in 2001 and 2002. In the year 2001 Russias GDP improved by 5 percent and in 2002, it improved by 4.1 percent. Although the proportional rise in the GDP in 2002 was small compared to that of 2001, the development was rather acceptable. Relatively, the standard proportionate boost in GDP in industrialized nations was 1.5 percent while in the United States, it was 2.3 percent. The year 2002 was the fourth consecutive year that Russia experienced a stable enhancement in its financial system after its miserable condition in the 1998 hence introducing a form of steadiness and creating financiers assurance (Solanko 21). Russia is among the most developed of the previous Soviet states. Nevertheless, years of poor savings have left a great deal of Russian business outdated and extremely incompetent. Apart from its resource-based production centers, it has generated huge manufacturing abilities, particularly in metals, provisions or foodstuffs, and transportation tools. Globally, Russia is currently the third-biggest exporter of main aluminum and steel. Russia took over most of the security manufacturing foundation of the Soviet Union, thus weapons are still an essential export kind for Russia. Based on the U.S. statistics of the Trade Representative's National Trade Estimate of 2010, Russia keeps on upholding numerous obstructions with regard to imports. Negotiations are in progress in the framework of Russia's WTO succession to eradicate these actions or amend them to be reliable with globally established trade strategy observations. Non-duty hurdles are recurrently employed to hamper alien admittanc e to the marketplace and are as well a considerable subject in Russia's WTO consultations (Wolf and Lang 53). Russia has gone through momentous transformations ever since the crumple off the Soviet Union, moving from an internationally-segregated, centrally-scheduled financial structure to a more market-foundation and worldwide-assimilated financial system. Most of the manufacturing industries in Russia were privatized by the monetary changes in the 1990s, with prominent exclusions in the electricity and security-linked segments. The security of possessions civil rights is still feeble, and the private zone is at the same time answerable profound state intrusion. Russian business is principally divided between internationally-viable product manufacturers; in the year 2009 Russia was the globe's biggest distributor of natural gas, the second biggest distributor of oil, and the third main exporter of steel and original aluminum; and other fewer viable important businesses that remain reliant on the Russian home market (Wolf and Lang 55). This dependence on product exports makes Russia defenseless against detonation and ruined sequences that pursue the extremely unpredictable sways in the international product cost. The administration from the year 2007 has initiated a determined curriculum to decrease this dependence and increase the nations enhanced proficiency areas, but with little consequences up to now. The financial system had standardized a 7 percent increase from the year 1998 when Russian experienced an economic catastrophe, leading to a multiplying of actual throwaway earnings and the materialization of a middle social rank. The Russian financial system, nevertheless, was one of the toughest strikes between the years 2008-09 international monetary predicament as oil charges went down and the overseas money that Russian financial institutions and companies depended on crumpled. The Central Bank of Russia used one-third of its $600 billion universal funds, the third largest, globally, in late 2008 to drag the ruble. The administration also dedicated $200 billion in a salvage arrangement to boost banks sector liquidity and support Russian companies that were not capable of settling huge overseas outstanding amounts of debts (Wolf and Lang 61). Solanko further explains that in mid-2009, the fiscal deterioration died out and in early 2010, the financial system started to develop. However, ruthless fires and famine in middle Russia condensed farming productivity, leading to a prohibition on the export of grains for a fraction of the year, and it reduced development in other divisions like industrialized and selling business. Increased oil costs held up Russian development in early 2011 and might assist Russia decrease the financial plan shortage passed down from the bad years of 2008-09, although inflation and augmented government expenses may hinder the constructive effect of these returns. Russia's continuing setbacks consist of a lessening labor force, an advanced level of fraud, complexity in getting investment resources for minor, weak firms, and poor communications helpless without huge investments (27). Buy custom The Economic History of Russia essay

Unit 6 Scenario B-2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 6 Scenario B-2 - Essay Example This memo will also highlight the differences between monetary and fiscal policies, what are the pros and cons associated with each type of policy? Is either policy more effective in increasing output growth or stabilizing inflation and unemployment? With reference to the tax changes, a decrease in the tax rates would help achieve the desired increase in output.i.e lower the tax rates more people will buy meaning the demand will be high and so the output would be high .this decrease in tax rates would further imply an increase in the equilibrium price, the output and the unemployment rate. Furthermore if we analyze, we can foresee the following Pro’s and Con’s of the situation discussed above; pro’s being the fact that the unemployment rates will decrease the Marginal Propensity to consume (MPC) and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) will Increase subsequently. One very serious aspect which is a definite Con; the governments Tax Revenue will decrease. The changes in open Market operations to achieve the desired increase in output would imply the following: the central bank will increase their government securities, people will spend more and thus the output will rise. This flux will then imply the following trend; an increase in the equilibrium price, an increase in the output and a subsequent decrease in the unemployment rate. Elaborating on the relationship between the deficits and national debt, we would like to mention the fact s that need to be considered here .In order to understand how both national debt and deficits go hand in hand; A budget deficit will imply an increase in the size of the national debt, only by the amount of the deficit .Conversely, if there is a budget surplus it will allow the government to pay off the bond holders thus reducing the size of the national debt. The difference between the monetary and fiscal policy is obvious as by monetary policy is meant all actions that a government takes to control the

Planning in the Health-Care Setting Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Planning in the Health-Care Setting - Case Study Example Health Information Management was formed by Jackie and Sandra as a partnership firm and consists of 6 other specialists (Elements of a Business Plan). As this market niche has not been identified so there are no competitors at all as yet. Therefore, considerable profits can be reaped but competitors will penetrate in future so the firm should provide cost-effective and premium quality services to retain its market share even in future. Presently, there exists an untapped market niche for home health care personnel and resources. Hence, the firm has an excellent opportunity to cater to the entire industry and establish its monopoly before competitors enter the market .Customers’ expectations and industry standards are based around providing prompt and quality home health care benefits. Market trend seems to suggest growth in future years. Prompt and premium home health care services shall be provided. Price skimming shall be used to reap the maximum profits, as demand for these services is unfulfilled so customers will pay the high prices. The services should be promoted through hospitals and clinics and shall be provided at homes of patients (Crow & Goldstein, 2003). In addition to Jackie and Sandra, the management team is composed of 2 RRAs and 4 ARTs. The principal partners as well as the specialist staff are highly motivated and committed to business growth and betterment. Bryan and others have willingly taken the challenge of providing home health care

Spectrum Sensing and Spectrum Sensing Techniques

Spectrum Sensing and Spectrum Sensing Techniques Chapter 1.Introduction In recent years there has been an enormous growth in wireless communication devices and wireless users. The ever increasing demand for higher speed and reliability made researchers think about intelligent radios like Cognitive Radios (CR). But major amount of spectrum is available for licensed users. There are various communication bodies like the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) also European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) who works on standards of communication that defines the use of spectrum for licensed and unlicensed users. 1.1 Background Spectrum is a valuable resource in communication. Over the past few years as the use of various wireless technology is increasing rapidly so we either need more spectrum or make efficient use of current spectrum to satisfy their needs. One way of making efficient use of spectrum is employing spectrum sharing technique. There are many spectrum sharing techniques available like energy detection, cyclostationary feature detector, and matched filter. Of the above technique matched filter and cyclostationary gives more accurate result but they are bit complex and computationally harder as compared to energy detection technique. Energy detection is the simplest of above three and computationally less complex. 1.2 Motivation Survey has shown that at any given time only portion of spectrum is utilized. According to a report published by FCC (Federal Communications Commission America) in 2003 has set a set of rule for efficient use of spectrum for licensed and unlicensed users. Also OFCOM (Office of Communications United Kingdom) has noticed the underutilization of spectrum. At any given time only portion of spectrum is utilized. Even if the system says there are no frequencies available, there is still some frequency available. These available frequencies are known as spectrum holes or white spaces. Some of the bands are completely occupied by users while some bands go unutilized. And that is inefficient use of spectrum. We must have noticed that in cases of emergencies like the train bomb blast in July 2006 in Mumbai, India cellular network actually failed to support huge amount of customer at the same time, this was also the case during 9/11 in USA. If we were having cognitive radios at that time peop les would have been able to talk to their families and inform about their safety. As we are moving from 3G (Third generation) to 4G (Fourth Generation) we need to make certain changes in our wireless technologies. Below shown is the measurement of 0 GHz to 6 GHz at Berkley Wireless Research Center (BWRC). 1.3 Aim and Objective This thesis emphasises on understanding Cognitive radios, the importance of spectrum sensing for todays world, the issues regarding the same. A simplified Matlab code is used to support our thesis. As the thesis follows you will find more about cognitive radios and spectrum sensing with a technique to generate white space at a specific frequency. The main objective of the thesis is to do survey on spectrum sensing and spectrum sensing techniques. Then do plan a model for the same. A model can be supported by a Matlab code. And after all this we need to analyse the model we suggested and further improvements that can be done in that. 1.4 Thesis Organisation Our thesis is organised as follows: Chapter.2 Literature Review This chapter begins with a brief history about cognitive radios .Which is followed by a detail explanation of Cognitive radios and spectrum sensing and some of the spectrum sensing techniques used. At the end of this chapter a business model for spectrum sensing and multi resolution of CR is given. Chapter.3 System Description This chapter basically deals with sampling and its importance to us. Also you will find technique to get your spectrum at specific center frequency under â€Å"generation of White Spaces†. Chapter.4 Simulation/Design Analysis As the name suggests, this chapter deals with simulation model and detail explanation of the code used for spectrum sensing using energy detection. In this chapter we have shown the output of the simulation used. Chapter.6 Future Work This chapter suggests some of the future work to be done with this thesis which could be useful for further research in this field. Chapter.7 Conclusion This gives the concluding part of the thesis. Chapter 2 Literature Review In this chapter we are going to discuss about the cognitive radios, like what are they and why are they so important to us. The chapter begins with a short history of cognitive radios, which is followed by a general discussion on OFDM, some of the challenges faced by cognitive radios in real environment, and also some of the applications of cognitive radios. We have tried to explain spectrum sensing in brief and the techniques used for spectrum sensing in todays world. Finally a business model for spectrum sensing is showed which is preceded by multi-resolution of Cognitive radios. 2.1 History of cognitive radios Dr. Joseph Mitola III was the first to introduce or propose the theory of Cognitive radios in 1999. According to Dr. Joseph Mitola Cognitive radios will be the radios that are smart and intelligent enough to find the available bandwidth in a spectrum. It will also have knowledge of right information that has to be passed to the user. And user does not have to take some extra effort for that. It is supposed to do this automatically. He has also mentioned in his PhD dissertation that CR is natural extensions of software defined radios. In 2002 the FCC published a report prepared by Spectrum Policy Task Force [SPTF] which says that majority of spectrum is underutilized. And there is actually is not shortage of spectrum but rather we need to make efficient use of the current spectrum. Also in same year 2002 Professor Cave from UK presented a report which speaks of the possibility of selling bandwidth to the user depending on their requirement. But it would not be fair to give unlicensed user allow to use licensed spectrum. So in December 2002 FCC issued a Notice of Enquiry (NOI) to see TV channel bands can be made available to unlicensed users. Then in 2003 FCC forms a set of rules and proposed interference temperature model for keep track of interference. Later in the same year Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) tried to see into issues related to cognitive radio technology where it also pointed out Cognitive radios is a advanced technology which could help efficient use of spectrum by licensed users in own network and by sharing spectrum and with unlicensed users by negotiating when required. This encouraged many researchers in the field of cognitive radios. Major progress in cognitive radios took place in the year 2004, where FCC published NRPM which showed possibility of allowing secondary users to use licensed spectrum. FCC opened three bands for unlicensed users which are 6525 to 6700 MHz, 12.75 to 13.15 GHz and 13.2125-13.25 GHz. This allowed cognitive dev ices to transmit six times more. Also IEEE standards are working parallel to the FCCs. Spectrum pooling system by Professor Timo A Weiss from Karlsruhe University Germany), OFDM based Cognitive radios by professor Ian F Akyildiz et al from GIT (USA) are some of the promising works in Cognitive radios. there are many researches are done, many still going on in Europe, Asia, and America, exploring various aspects of cognitive radios. In Jan 2010 first call over a CR network was made in university of Oulu using CRAMNET (Cognitive Radio Assisted Mobile Ad Hoc Network). 2.2 Cognitive radio With the development of wireless communication devices and technologies in WLAN and WAN spectrum is becoming scarcer. Low frequency bands which are near few GHz are very scarce and highly congested. In current wireless system we are using fixed spectrum allocation scheme. In fixed spectrum allocation scheme a part of spectrum is owned by an operator. Unlicensed users are not allowed to use that spectrum. This leads to the problem of spectrum scarcity. Survey has shown that more than 50% of the spectrum is underutilized. This is where Cognitive Radio (CR) is comes into picture. CR is introduced to solve the problem of spectrum sharing. Cognitive Radios actually scans the spectrum and during scanning it looks for spectrum holes. The main objective of the cognitive radios is to look for opportunities or white spaces in spectrum band as quickly and as much as possible. And when we say opportunity, opportunity could be in time or frequency domain. Also when we locate this spectrum holes opportunistically we also need to vacant the occupied spectrum as soon as primary user comes back. Here primary user means the users whose spectrum we are using (licensed user) and secondary means the unlicensed users. Cognitive radio is a pattern for wireless communication technology in which either a network or a wireless node changes its transmission or reception parameters to communicate efficiently avoiding interference with licensed or unlicensed users. These altered parameters are associated with the active monitoring of several factors in the external and internal radio environment e.g. radio frequency spectrum, user behaviour. Cognitive radio can be said as next generation of software defined radio (SDR). They are flexible in terms of their transmission characteristics in terms of frequency, bandwidth, ISP which makes smart decisions to configure the SDR at any point in time to achieve a particular goal. By combining these two technologies makes a radio intelligent and flexible and which helps to adapt it to the variations in the environment, user requirements as per the other radio users. Adaptation to changes and requirements should lead to highly reliable communication whenever and wherever required, while making efficient use of spectrum. Good cognitive radio uses analysis done for long period to know about the environment and also his own behaviour. There are various parameters taken into account to decide transmission and reception changes, we can distinguish certain types of cognitive radio. The main two are as follow: Full Cognitive Radio : It is also known as Mitola radio in which every possible parameter which can be observed by a wireless node is taken into consideration to take decision Spectrum Sensing Cognitive Radio: It is the type in which only the radio frequency spectrum is considered. And Depending on the parts of the spectrum available for cognitive radio, we can distinguish as: Licensed Band Cognitive Radio: It is the type in which cognitive radio is capable of using bands assigned to licensed users, apart from unlicensed bands, such as U-NII band or ISM band. Unlicensed Band Cognitive Radio: This can only utilize unlicensed parts of radio frequency spectrum only or the bands which are free to use. 2.3 About OFDM OFDM stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing. It is generally a type of Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) rather a special case in FDM. What makes it special is its orthogonal behaviour. Now the word orthogonal basically means mutually independence. When we say A is orthogonal to B, we mean that A has no vector in direction of B and vice versa or in other words A and B is mutually independent. Or the integral of two signals over one period is 0. In OFDM a single signal is first multiplexed and modulated independently to create orthogonal signals. This means the signal is first divided into number of smaller streams and then modulated further before transmission. For example imagine a slicing of cheese and grilling or cheese. Slicing is like FDM where whole data is sent in a bunch and grilling is like OFDM where the data to be sent is first divided into smaller data and then processed to transmit further like OFDM. Figure shown below is one more way to understand the concept of OFDM. On the left hand side is a big container which carry whole bunch of data at one time and take it to the destination. And on right hand side is four smaller containers where each carry smaller portion of data and take it to the destination. These smaller containers can be assumed as sub-carriers. And in case of OFDM they are orthogonal sub-carriers. The main advantage over here is that even if some of the cheese is lost during grilling, still we have not lost all the cheese. In OFDM input data with high data rate is first passed thorough serial to parallel converter. This parallel divided data is then modulated on individually. And parallel to serial conversion is done before transmission. This parallel divided data is our sub-carriers. These sub-carriers must be orthogonal. 2.4 Cognition cycle Above figure shows the rough model of Cognition Cycle. It reads the surrounding environment and makes decision accordingly. When we say decision we mean cognitive radio sense the requirement or urgency that may be in terms of changing a channel or churning from one technology to another depending upon the scenario. There are different stages where it observes the environment, learns it and then plans its action make required decision and then execute its plans. It is much like a radio with a power of thinking which was not been able before. The figure below shows the cognitive radio architecture suggested by Dr. Mitola. 2.4.1 Some important terms 2.4.1.1Wireless Environment/Outside world- It refers to a communication environment that includes any communication devices and the frequency bands they are working in. 2.4.1.2 Spectrum sensing- It is the technique used by cognitive radios to sense the spectrum. This action involves finding availability of white spaces or spectrum holes in the spectrum. 2.4.1.3 Spectrum Management- It involves catching the best spectrum available so as to satisfy user communication requirements. Cognitive radios should decide on the best spectrum band so that it can meet the Quality of service required for all available frequency bands, therefore these functions are necessary for Cognitive radios. These management functions can be classified as: Spectrum analysis Spectrum decision Spectrum Mobility: It is defined as the process when a cognitive radio device exchanges its frequency of operation. Cognitive radio networks target to use the spectrum in a dynamic manner by allowing the radio terminals to operate in the best available frequency band, maintaining seamless communication requirements during the transition to better spectrum. Spectrum Sharing: providing the fair spectrum scheduling method. One of the major challenges in open spectrum usage is the spectrum sharing. It can be regarded to be similar to generic media access control MAC problems in existing systems 2.5Cognitive Radio Challenges Three main problems experienced by CR are as follows: Interference (Mainly because of Hidden Nodes). Security. Control. They are described as follows: 2.5.1 Interference and the Hidden Node Problem Ideally while designing a CR we should consider that it does not have any impact on existing radio users, but in practically some impact is expected. If a particular user have non-cognitive radios, it is essential to study and make a note that how they would be affected by the interference of CR, mainly with respect to sharing resources such as spectrum, time, space etc. CR adaptive nature could be difficult to predict and thus making it hard to control the behaviour of a CR which will concern for user who faces CR interference issue. In communication industry the main concern about CR is the hidden node problem. This scenario arises when a CR is not capable to detect an interference with any of non-cognitive radios within its range, not only because of CRs own spectrum sensing is ineffective but also due to some non-cognitive radios are hidden. For example, if a transmitting contemporary user is not in the range from the CR, its transmission power may not be strong enough at the CRs location, it may be reduce than the noise floor which makes it more difficult to get detected. As the CR might not be able to detect a transmission by a contemporary user and similarly unaware of availability of the receiving by a contemporary user. Consequently, if it is confirmed as safe to use the contemporary users frequency and CR starts transmitting, at the contemporary receiving end it will create interference. The CR may have a limited view of spectrum provided from wide spectrum measurements which may cause interference with the receiving user. The localised spectrum view denotes that a CR should be potential to find transmitting user those are communicating below the noise level, since the strength of the received signal is very weak at the CRs location. Similarly a situation can occur where the signal attenuate by distance, thus user transmission is blocked by obstacles such as buildings, towers, hills or mountains. For example consider a CR in a valley would have a limi ted picture of the surrounding radio environment, as compared to that if it were located on top of a hill. 2.5.2 Security Concerns CR may be vulnerable to malicious effect, resulting into unexpected or problematic behaviour of individual CRs or complete networks. This problem springs up from the potential to re-program CRs in an unauthorized way. Hacking or placing a vulnerable code, virus on a network might enable criminals to steal valuable information from a CR through electronically, fool a network operator into charging others for services or achieve potentially widespread denial-of-service. A considerable amount of regulatory work will require to be done to clarify who would be responsible for the various security areas of CR, software developers, manufacturers, network operators and CR users themselves may all have a role to play. The CR security issue is closely related to that of SDR, which already discussed and hence not repeated here. Instead, a brief summary of the issues is given. Downloading software updates over an air interface poses some specific problems for security. Several digital signatures will be required for each piece of downloaded software in order to meet likely regulatory requirements. Exactly who is necessary to authorize software downloads must be standardized before any large scale deployment of over-the-air updates can be realized. 2.5.3 Burden of Control and Regulatory challenges A CR in reality will have some effect on different spectrum users the compliance of these new radios is likely to focus on a Policy module defined within a CR, which will determine the boundaries of CR behaviour. It is important while studying CR; to consider how users would not be affected by interference from CR devices and the exact operation and nature of a proposed CR policy system must be understood carefully. It is likely to include a detail case study of the specifications and characteristics of all the contemporary users for a specific CR or complete network of CRs may share the resources. The effort in controlling CR devices, it is necessary to ensure their behaviour is properly or not, even in the case of faulty or tampered devices, that measures are quickly implemented to intense problems. This will involve policies and standards which are created in a universal digitally interpretable policy, so that all CRs can understand the same. Monitoring techniques and powerful alg orithms are required to enable detection and identification of bad CRs and in this way it provides traceability to find or determine who is responsible for the issue. In addition to these challenges, spectrum regulators and spectrum managers will require providing access to licensed spectrum in such a way that is traceable, transparent and highly dynamic. If CRs are allowed to cover international territory additional effort will be required, due to the necessity to provide and collaborate cooperation with other countries. Assuming that acceptable control of CR policy behaviour is technically possible and feasible, it may turn out to be such a great burden that it will be simply not economically viable and the benefits of CR are outweighed by this burden. 2.6 Important Applications for Cognitive Radio are Downloading of audio and video files on mobile handsets. This application requires moderate data rates and near-ubiquitous coverage. Emergency services communications: It requires interoperability and a moderate data rate with local coverage. Broadband wireless networking: Very high data rate required but CR users have option to accept limited coverage, e.g. hot spots. Multimedia wireless and sensor networking: Broad range of data rates may be required. 2.7 Spectrum Sensing Spectrum sensing is the process performing measurements on the part of spectrum and on the basis of measured data making a decision related spectrum usage. As the requirement and quantity of users is getting increased day by day, it is necessary for ISPs to have large amount of spectrum in order to achieve the QOS (Quality of Service). This leads the interest in unlicensed spectrum access and spectrum sensing is vital concept of this. In a situation where there are licensed user and any unlicensed exists, licensed user (primary user) is to be protected and no unlicensed user can interfere any licensed users operation and such cases Spectrum sensing is also useful to detect the existence or non existence of a primary user. Spectrum sensing is an important concept for exploring spectrum opportunities for the secondary spectrum usage in real-time. It detects the unused spectrum and shares it without any noticeable interference with other users. It is an important requirement of the Cogn itive Radio in order to sense spectrum holes. Detecting primary users is the most efficient way to detect spectrum holes. 2.8 Spectrum Sensing Techniques Available Spectrum sensing plays a vital role in cognitive radios. And the type of spectrum sensing techniques to choose more or less depends upon the spectrum sensing technique. A method such as energy detection proves to be one of the simplest of all, but it doesnt works well at low SNR, varying noise levels, fading. On the other hand technique such as Matched filters shows better performance, but they comes complex receiver design. We are going to discuss some of these techniques as we proceed further. 2.8.1 Matched Filter Technique This is the technique which takes minimum amount of sensing time. In this method of spectrum detection, receiver receives a pilot signal along with the data that is sent by the transmitter. A pilot signal is a single frequency that is used for synchronisation. All the secondarys those are struggling for spectrum should have knowledge of this pilot signal. There should` be tight timing synchronisation between primary and secondary. They are also required to know about the kind of modulation being used, pulse shaping. Also secondarys must have another receiver for every primary. This kind of techniques also fails when there is frequency offset. Examples of this technique are TV signals, CDMA with pilot, also used in OFDM. 2.8.2 Energy Detection technique This is the most simples of all techniques. In this the receiver has no knowledge of the transmitted signal. The receivers need not to have knowledge about the modulation type or any kind of pilot signal. Earlier energy detection was done with the help of a LPF (Low Pass Filter), Digital to Analog converter (D/A), and square law device that used to calculate the energy of the signal. Later it is done by making use of fast Fourier transform (FFT). This is known as periodogram method in energy detection. 2.8.2 Cyclostationary Feature Detection Signals are modulated with sine waves or cyclic prefix as in OFDM. And they are periodic. This periodic property of a signal helps it to be cyclostationary. This technique basically uses this principle of spectral correlation to detect the spectrum. Even if signals have similar PSD (Power Spectral Density) but they have do not have similar spectral correlation. 2.9 Multi-resolution for Cognitive Radio Sensing The concept of multi-resolution for Cognitive Radio can be applied with different methods but, the basic idea is the same. The whole spectrum is first sensed by using a coarse resolution. After this first step fine resolution sensing is done on a part of interested bands. In this way CR avoids itself from sensing the spectrum at one time and thus saving time and power. In this way, the sensing time is reduced and the power also been saved from unrequited computations. Also the multiple antenna architecture helps parallel processing and enables to reduce the sensing time. But, it increases the chip area and consumption of power which is not desirable. Also for coarse resolution sensing the mixer has to produce many frequencies and Also it should switch to one frequency for beginning the fine resolution sensing. If the signal is low pass signal then we can use fine resolution to scan the whole spectrum. Because low pass signal has low center frequencies and its sampling is doable. But for pass band signals it is not feasible to scan the whole spectrum. Because, for example say if we have some signal with center frequency of 850 MHz, it is not practically possible to do sample that signal. As according to Nyquist theorem sampling rate should be at least twice that of center frequency. Therefore it is practically not possible to sample a signal at 1600 Mega Hertz. 2.10 Business Model for Spectrum Sensing So far we have discussed about Cognitive radios and spectrum sensing in details. Since this is telecom, and telecom involves huge capital investment. One of the most costly things in telecom is getting the license itself and then comes the infrastructure and installations etc. Currently most of countries work on static spectrum allocation basis. For spectrum sensing to work we need some kind of regulation or set of rules that all will be ready to work with. A team from Brussels University has suggested a model for the same. The same model is discussed in brief below. This model is divided into four main categories. i. Ownership- Ownership simply means the ownership of license. One who has license is authorized to use particular band of spectrum. And if another licensee wants to share a spectrum then it will depends on parameters discussed below. If the operator is unlicensed then there is now issue of ownership. ii. Exclusivity- Exclusivity means whether or not a particular operator is exclusively assigned a band of spectrum. That will be issue of regulator to decide to exclusively assign a spectrum to a specific user. If it is assigned exclusively then nobody can access that band of frequency, and if not then those bands of frequencies will be available for sharing. iii. Tradability- Tradability means whether or not a terminal is allowed to switch between frequencies from different operators. If tradability is permitted frequency band or bands can be auctioned for sale or given on lease. iv. Neutrality- It is possible that some of frequency bands can be accessed by number of RATs (radio Access Technology) or may be limited to a particular RAT. If frequency bands are not available to number of RATs then that band need to address more issues, such as setting technical conditions to access the band and coordinating the cooperation between multiple technologies. Unlicensed: Unlicensed deals with the band of frequencies which are free to use, like ISM band. Common example for this is Wi-Fi which operates in 2.4GHz. This band of frequency is available to all and there is special condition to access this band. Single RAT Pool: This pool is related to a group of licensees which are not exclusively assigned any band of frequency and using same RAT. Multi RAT Pool: It is similar to Single RAT Pool except that it has multiple RATs. Single RAT Market: In this each operator is assigned with a separate frequency, but that can be accessed by the conditionally secondarys. Multi RAT Market: In this the operator is a licensee and is exclusively assigned with a band of frequency, and also with tradability. Flexible Operator and Static Spectrum: If a particular band of spectrum is exclusively assigned to an operator and without tradability. And if there is only one RAT, then it is known as Static Spectrum else Flexible Operator. 2.11 Survey outcome As per the literature review we concludes to use Energy detection technique for spectrum sensing as it is the fastest spectrum detection technique available and also it is simpler as compared to other techniques. There are many researches done in this field and many are still doing. Because of the survey we get knowledge about various techniques available in market. This led us to do a simulation model with one of the spectrum sensing technique. Now as far as selection of spectrum sensing technique is concerned, we selected Energy detection technique. The same could be seen in next part of the thesis which includes its design and implementation in simulation model. Chapter 3 Simulation Design 3.1 Sampling and Its Importance Sampling is a process of converting the continuous analog signal to a discreet analog signal and the samples signal is the discreet time representation of the original signal. If the message is coming from a digital source, then it is in the form to be processed by digital communication systems. But in real life not every signal is digital, message signal can be analog. In situation like these, we have to first convert the analog signal into discreet time signal, this is sampling. For this process to work well, sampling rate should be selected carefully or in other words it should satisfy Nyquist criterion. And Nyquist Criterion says that the sampling frequency should be at least twice the maximum frequency in signal. Fs ≠¥ 2fmax or T=1/ fmax Where â€Å"Fs† is sampling frequency, fmax is maximum frequency in the signal. T=Sampling period. Sampling is like reading a signal in analog form and taking its value at that instant of time. So more the samples we take better the resolution of the signal and, signal can be recovered more accurately. But if we take less number of samples, then resolution of the signal decreases. If we go on reducing the sampling rate, then times comes when it is difficult to recover the original signal from the sampled signal or in other words original information in the signal is lost. This is also known as aliasing. Aliasing is the effect which takes place if the signal is sampled less than twice the maximum frequency. 3.2 Types of Signal 3.2.1 Time limited signal- It is a signal which exists for only certain duration of time. Out of this duration, signal does not exist. A rectangular pulse of duration â€Å"T† seconds can be considered as time limited signal. x(t)=A †¦ for 0 3.2.2 Band Limited signals- It is a signal which has a frequency spectrum which exists only over a certain range of frequency. The value of signal outside this range of frequency is zero. Mod(X(f))=A †¦.-B 3.3 Sampling Of Low pass and Band Pass signal Low pass sampling theorem states that- a) A band limited signal of finite energy, which has no frequency components higher than W Hertz, is c

Comparing Hamlet by William Shakespeare and The Killings by Andre Dubus

Comparing Hamlet by William Shakespeare and The Killings by Andre Dubus Losing a loved one to tragedy, especially two most brutal and malicious tragedies as these, will torture the minds of any and all men. Terrifying thoughts, even carefully planned acts of revenge will plow themselves into your brain. It is how we react to these situations that can and will forever define that man, his life, and his actions. In these two stories, Hamlet's father and Matt Fowler's son are murdered with jealous motives of romance, ambition, betrayal and rage. Revenge captures the hearts of both characters, but in different forms. Hamlet sees his fathers ghost and is told if he ever loved his father he is to ?[revenge his foul and most unnatural murder]?. The brutal slayer of Fowler?s son is out on bail and faces minimal jail time for the life of Frank Fowler, Matt?s youngest son. Matt decides to take the law into his own hands and with the help of a friend, plans and executes the murder of Richard Strout. With the killer of his son bar-hopping around town and his wife broken apart with grief, Matt Fowler loses himself in revenge. He begins to carry an unregistered gun hoping to confront Strout and kill him in ?self-defense?. He is defeated in his professional life, losing his nerve as a hard-working bank manager, unable to look his customers in the eye without shying away in fear and grief. Finally confessing himself to a poker buddy, his murderous intentions rush out onto the table. His friend, who?s sympothy and loyalty may be excessive, agrees to help Matt take his revenge on Strout. Hamlet, instead, seeks his revenge alone. When Horatio, Marcellus, and Bernardo take Hamlet to see the ghost of his father, he follows the ghost... ...n a dish served cold. Though he found the nerve to seek his revenge, I doubt he ever stopped replaying the events of that night in his head, wondering if he did the right thing, and if the pricetag for it was going to be hell or prison. Neither Hamlet nor Fowler forgive the men who wronged them, and their lives, consumed with the idea of injustice, were ruined along with almost everyone else?s. For Fowler, the answer was easy: Kill and don?t get caught. He thought only of the best way to get away with it, forgetting his morals and judgement. I question how hard he thought if he should do it or not. His instincts told him to kill, and that is what he did. Hamlet, on the other hand, fought with himself over and over about how to appropriatly handle his revenge, and opportunity presented itself, as it always does, with time. Regretfully, he was mortally wounded.

Adolescent Psychological Disorder: Depression Essay

Depression is a common psychological disorder which is more likely to be experienced by young people. Although this psychological disorder could be manifested in all age range, studies show that individuals who are in their adolescence to early adulthood stage have greater tendency to feel depress (Costell, Swendsen & Rose, 173, 2008). This disorder is often accompanied by feelings of sadness, despair or hopelessness which eventually causes a person to become isolated among the other individuals. Several issues regarding the frequency of depression occurrence had been studied by researchers. It is said that the rate of depression is determined by the differences in gender, race and ethnicity. This claim suggests that women are more likely to experience depression than men and the same holds regarding the issue of ethnicity and race. Thus, the whites were less to experience depression than the minority (Brown, Meadows & Elder, 1300, 2007). Most of the time sadness and depression is interchangeably used. While it is true that depression is a product of intense sadness, one must know the distinction between these two. As to elaborate a little, the feeling of sadness has less damaging effect and usually last within a short period of time. Individuals learn to let go of this feeling at a much faster phase while people who embrace this feeling for a long time would eventually develop the depression disorder. Two types of depression basically arise, that is, major depression and minor depression (dysthymia). The degree or state of depression varies as an individual ages. The major depression disorder usually last in a short period of time but is basically more severe than the other type. The consequences that depression posed on one’s individuality are essential consideration to be reflected on. Most of these consequences are harmful and can bring damaging effect to the life of an individual thus thorough understanding of this psychological disorder would impose a great advantage. Causes of Depression Occurrence of depression is brought by numerous factors. Events, people, the environment as well as genetic factors contribute to the incidence of depression. In this paper, three causes of depression from different studies conducted would be discussed. Some of these causes of can eventually be modified while some are not liable to change. Nutrition was viewed to have a vital contribution to depression. (Shariatpanaahi et al, 532, 2007). It is established that the mental and cerebral mechanisms are being affected due to nutrient deficiencies therefore resulting to mood disorders including depression. Prevalence of Iron deficiency anemia was viewed to have certain contribution to depression. The study conducted by Shariatpanaahi and his colleagues looked at the association between serum ferritin level and depression. Their study resulted that students who are experiencing depression have lower serum ferritin level than the healthy ones (Shariatpanaahi et al, 534, 2007). With reference to the result generated, lower serum ferritin level which indicates minimal presence of iron in the body was viewed to have a vital role in the brain function and in the establishment of depression. The stressful experience of college freshmen to their new environment inside the learning place could also trigger depression. Being in an unfamiliar environment is a stressful event that brings a sense of discomfort (Dyson and Renk, 1231, 2006). Accompanying this feeling of discomfort is the change on depression symptomatology that they experience. Being in their transition stage towards adulthood, stress and depression were showed to be greatly triggered. Race and ethnicity is also viewed for depressive symptoms to occur. The study conducted by Brown and his colleagues (2007) resulted that different race-ethnic groups (including Hispanics, Asians, Blacks and whites) shows different level of depressive symptoms. In their study, the whites showed the lowest level of such symptoms while the Hispanics and Asians showed the highest. The level of depressive symptoms among the blacks falls between the whites and the two other race-ethnic groups (1300). Explanation for the occurrence of such depressive symptoms are said to be interconnected with the mental health and stressful experiences of these different minority groups. The location or condition of the Hispanics, Asians and Blacks in the society greatly contributes to their depression. Most of these groups, as well as their family, belongs to the lower class in the society thus receiving minimal benefits in terms of health care and tends to dwell in neighborhoods which are characterized as unsafe (Brown, Meadows & Elder, 1298, 2007). Upon the exposure of these race-ethnic groups to these conditions, the depression disorder develops and is heightened. Symptoms of Depression Basically the most obvious symptom of depression is an intense feeling of sadness manifested most of the time. Different symptoms are expressed by individuals in different age brackets as well as different instances or conditions of these individuals in the society. Taking in consideration the study conducted by Brown and his colleagues, symptoms of depression manifested by the race-ethnic minority includes anxiety and a sense of inferiority (Brown, Meadows & Elder, 1307, 2007). For new colleges trying to be familiar and adapting to their new environment, behaviors including a depressed mood or sadness most of the time (being away from their parents), irritability, inability to enjoy things and inability to concentrate are apparent (Dyson and Renk, 1234, 2006). Other symptoms that are most likely associated with depression includes withdrawal from friends and family, significant weight loss or gain, change in sleep patterns, pessimism and indifference, feeling tired, feeling numb emotionally and the worst is entertaining the thought of death or suicide. Effects of the Disorder Depression, if not given thorough attention could bring the worst effect to an individual. How an individual responds to the feeling of depression determines the effect of the disorder in his actions (Nolen-Hoeksema, 569, 1991). The feeling of depression is more likely to bring about negative thoughts in an individual’s mind. With these thoughts in mind, negative emotions would also be triggered. Entertaining such thoughts and emotions would bring distraction in one’s health, education, work and relationship with other people. Adolescence performance in school tends to decline as a result of depression (Dyson and Renk, 1234, 2006). Because of their inability to concentrate or focus on the lessons being thought in the learning place, their grades used to decline. Academic failures, school dissatisfaction as well as negative relationship with teachers and other students may take place. Depressed individuals seem to be pre-occupied with their thought of being depressed therefore interfering with their capability to think critically, perform well and socialized with other individuals in the learning place. Such scenario is true in the work place. Because of the disorder, individuals are more likely to be out of focus on their work thus they are more likely to accomplish lesser job (or they do not accomplish anything at all) within a given period. This type of behavior in the workplace would bring unwanted effects on the part of the individual as well as in the company. This could also lead to an individual’s dismissal in the job. Again, such dismissal would only trigger further depression and could bring forth to a worst event. Depressed individuals also shows attitude of wanting to be alone. Sharing one’s frustration (which eventually causes the prevalence of depression) with his family is sometimes hard to do. This ultimately contribute to a reduce interaction and may develop poor family relationship. Sometimes, depressed adolescent causes negative confrontation between parents as well as between siblings. Psychiatric hospitalization can also occur among adolescence if the level of depression is severe (Herman and Ostrander, 484, 2007). Some depressed individuals tend to be engaged in accidents in roads. They tend to drive recklessly thus resulting to several body impairments (Nolen-Hoeksema, 570, 199). Such action of reckless and violent driving is a means to pour out the feeling of depression. However, Nolen-Hoeksema argued that the relief from depression through this action is only for a short run. Coping up with Depression Several therapies and combination of these therapies are being suggested by psychologists as well as doctors to cope up with depression. In the study conducted by Nolen-Hoeksema, 570, 1991), she suggested the used of distractive response as a way to cope up with depression. In this response, adolescence experiencing depression are encourage to draw their attention to other things such as engaging in activity with friends or doing a hobby. In this way, Nolen-Hoeksema hypothesized that an individual would tend be distracted and would somehow overcome his feeling of depression. Guidance and support of family members (especially support from mothers) is also a means to help adolescence to cope up with depression. The multi family group approach (Lemmmens et al, 51, 2007) is greatly encouraged. This approach is concern to provide the needs of the patient and also guides the family to stand the difficulties of depression that are experience by the family as a whole. Fostering interaction between the patient and members of his family would put the patient at ease. Recognizing the fact that his family is there to support him and guide him all through out would lessen his burden and would therefore aid in treating depression. Cognitive therapy was also studied to aid in the treatment of depression (Beevers and Miller, 68, 2005). The result of there study shows that the used of mentioned therapy ‘may help patients to deal more functionally to their negative thoughts. ’ As stated on the discussion regarding the effects of depression, negative thoughts are said to be the driving force in which depression arises. Effectively managing these negative would lessen the occurrence of the disorder. This type of approach or therapy is basically more of prevention rather than treatment. Nevertheless, its efficiency in the control of depression is noteworthy. Conclusion  Depression is brought about by several factors faced by an individual in the society. Although this psychological disorder is somewhat inevitable and is said to be a common disorder, prevention and treatments should be provided. As to any other physical or psychological diseases, severe state of depression could bring unwanted and detrimental effect to the individual himself as well as to other people. Manifestation of symptoms of this psychological disorder must be taken in deep consideration. The stage of adolescence undeniably entails a lot of stress that could somehow cause an individual to incur depression. Adolescents are vulnerable to changes because different emotional as well as physiological activities are happening within their body. It is therefore important to be considerate and out lay the necessary actions to guard the adolescents to the threats of depression. Involvement of parents and other family members in preventing and treating the said disorder is greatly encourage. Other therapies should also be considered as a treatment for this disorder. Thorough understanding of the causes, symptoms and treatments of depression would be of great significant. The harm that this disorder imposes to adolescents is truly alarming. Its effects on the individual’s well-being and activities are disturbing. Psychologists together with other medical researchers are continuously finding ways to lessen the occurrence of this disorder. Thus, in order for their efforts to efficiently work, a collaborative support from the society is needed. The society should not undermine the effects of depression but instead thorough knowledge regarding this disorder as well as the harm that accompanies it must be explained and made clear.